Publications

Our Published Work

Members of ADMD are often asked to participate in legal research and analysis publications and editorials of internationally recognized publication houses. Please follow this link to find some examples of published work including contribution from our lawyers.

Liabilities of Shareholders, Directors, and Managers for Company Debts in Joint Stock (Jsc) and Limited Liability (Llc) Companies in Turkey

In Turkey, the corporate landscape is predominantly comprised of two types of capital companies: Joint Stock Companies (JSCs) and Limited Liability Companies (LLCs). The liabilities of the shareholders, managers, and directors of these companies in relation to company debts are explained in detail below.

Anonim Şirket ve Limited Şirketlerde Pay Sahiplerinin, Yönetim Kurulu Üyelerinin ve Müdürlerin Şirket Borçlarından Sorumluluğu

Türkiye'de, şirket yapısına göre anonim şirketler ve limited şirketler olmak üzere iki yaygın sermaye şirketi türü bulunmaktadır. Bu şirketlerin ortakları, yöneticileri ve müdürlerinin şirket borçları karşısındaki yükümlülükleri detaylı bir şekilde aşağıda ele alınmıştır.

Protection Of Personal Data In Turkish Electronic Communications Sector

The responsibilities incumbent upon companies providing electronic communication services, networks, or operating infrastructure ("Operators") concerning the data they acquire in Turkey during service provision are delineated by the Electronic Communications Law No. 5809 dated November 5, 2008 ("Law No. 5809") and the Regulation on the Processing of Personal Data and Protection of Confidentiality in the Electronic Communications Sector ("Regulation") published in the Official Gazette dated December 4, 2020

Elektronik Haberleşme Sektöründe Kişisel Verilerin İşlenmesi

Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişimi Kurumu tarafından verilen yetkilendirme çerçevesinde elektronik haberleşme hizmeti sunan ve/veya elektronik haberleşme şebekesi sağlayan ve alt yapısını işleten şirketlerin (“İşletmeciler”) işbu hizmeti sunarken elde ettikleri veriler bakımından dikkat etmesi gereken hususlar

New Regulations And Tax Liabilities For Daily Residential Rentals Via Airbnb And Similar Platforms

Law No. 7464 on the Leasing of Residential Properties for Tourism Purposes and Amendments to Certain Laws ("Law") was adopted by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on October 25, 2023. It was published in the Official Gazette on July 2, 2023, numbered 32357.

Airbnb ve Benzeri Platformlar Üzerinden Yapılan Günlük Konut Kiralamalarına İlişkin Yeni Düzenlemeler ve Vergi Mükkelefiyeti

Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından 25 Ekim 2023 tarihinde kabul edilen 7464 sayılı Konutların Turizm Amaçlı Kiralanmasına ve Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun (“Kanun”), 2 Temmuz 2023 tarihli 32357 numaralı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlandı.

Vertical Arrangements And Supplier-Dealer Restrictions In The Automotive Sector In Turkey

In 2002, the Competition Board released "Communiqué No. 2002/2 on Group Exemption for Vertical Agreements," which encompassed various forms of vertical agreements. Subsequently, in 2003, the Competition Board unveiled the "Implementation Guideline for Communiqué No. 2002/2 on Vertical Agreements," aiming to provide distinct directives for the Competition Board's application of the Communiqué.

Türk Rekabet Hukukunda Motorlu Taşıtlar Sektöründeki Dikey Anlaşmalar, Sağlayıcıların Bayilere Yaptığı Sınırlamalar ve Rekabet Etmeme Yükümlülüğü

Motorlu taşıtlar sektöründeki dikey anlaşmalar ve sağlayıcıların bayilere yaptıkları sınırlamalara geçmeden önce dikey anlaşmalardan ve Dikey Anlaşmalara İlişkin Grup Muafiyeti Tebliğinden kısaca bahsetmek gerekir.

Registered Electronic Mail System In Turkey

Registered electronic mail ("KEP- Kayıtlı Elektronik Posta in Turkish") is a qualified mailing system that allows the storage of electronic documents and re-access to electronic mail, when necessary, as well as a deed in the legal sense and constitutes conclusive evidence until proven otherwise.

Türk Kayıtlı Elektronik Posta Adresi (KEP) Sistemi

Kayıtlı elektronik posta (“KEP”) adresi; elektronik iletilerin güvenli bir şekilde gönderilip alınmasını sağlamak suretiyle güvenli iletişimi oluşturan, elektronik belgelerin saklanmasına ve gerektiğinde sistemde saklanan elektronik postaya yeniden ulaşılabilmesine imkan tanıyan bir posta sistemidir.

Lawsuits For Annulment of Objections on Enforcement Actions For Collections Under Turkish Law

In Turkey, debt enforcement proceedings are divided into two categories: enforcement proceedings with a judgment and enforcement proceedings without a judgment. In enforcement proceedings with a judgment (based on a court decision already obtained), the enforcement proceedings can be carried out for all kinds of receivables.

Regulations Within The Scope of Early Retirement Without Meeting The Age Requirement (EYT)

With Law No. 7438 on the Amendment of the Social Security and General Health Insurance Law and Decree No. 375 ("Law No. 7438") published in the Official Gazette dated March 3, 2023, and numbered 32121, various amendments were made for employees who fail to meet the age requirements for retirement ("EYT- Emeklilikte Yaşa Takılanlar in Turkish") although their insurance terms and premium days are complete.

Emeklilikte Yaşa Takılanlar (EYT) Kapsamındaki Düzenlemeler

03.03.2023 tarih ve 32121 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu ile 375 Sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamede Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun (“7438 sayılı Kanun”) ile sigortalılık süreleri ve prim günleri tam olmasına rağmen yaş sınırından dolayı emeklilikte yaşa takılanlara (“EYT”) ilişkin muhtelif değişiklikler getirilmiş olup söz konusu yasa ile erken emekli olmaya ve yaşlılık/emekli aylığı almaya hak kazanmanın önü açılmıştır.

Marriage Of Foreigners In Turkey And In Thailand

According to Turkish Marriage Legislation and regulations, a Turkish citizen, a foreigner, or two foreigners of different nationalities can get married in Turkey. Civil marriage in Turkey may only be realized before competent civil Turkish authorities.

Capital Company Shareholder and Director Liabilities In Thailand and in Turkey

According to Section 1012 of the Thailand Civil and Commercial Code (“TCCC”), the formation of a company or partnership is made by two or more persons having a mutual agreement to unite for a common undertaking.

Litigation For The Dissolution Of Joint Ownerships Under Turkish Law

Litigation for the dissolution/elimination of joint ownership of properties, also called partition lawsuits (‘izale-i suyu davalari’ in Turkish), are type of cases that arise as a result of the will of any joint owner to dissolve the co-ownership status over a movable or immovable property subject to co-ownership or joint ownership without the need for a justified reason.

Türk Hukukunda Ortaklığın Giderilmesi İzale-i Şüyu Davaları

Eski adıyla izale-i şüyu olarak bilinen ortaklığın giderilmesi davası, paylı mülkiyete veya elbirliği ile mülkiyete konu olan taşınır/taşınmaz malın, haklı bir sebebin varlığına gerek duyulmaksızın paydaşlardan her birinin paylaşma talebinde bulunması sonucu ortaya çıkan bir dava türüdür.

Work Permits & Citizenship by Investment Options in Poland & in Turkey

Citizens of the Member States of the European Union or the European Economic Area, as well as citizens of Switzerland - in contrast to citizens of so-called third countries - enjoy a special status in terms of the possibility to legally take up employment in Poland, which results from the freedom of movement of workers.

Vertical Agreements and Group Exemptions in Turkish Competition Law

The concept of competition is defined in doctrine as the relationship between enterprises that sell the same type of goods or services to a consumer group at the same time.

Differences Between Taxation Of Employment Compensations Made Through Mutual Rescission Agreements And Through Mediation

Mutual rescission or mutual termination agreement is an agreement that terminates the labor contract based on the mutual consent of the parties (ikale).

Jurisdiction On Matrimonial Matters And Parental Responsibility Matters With Foreign Element Under Eu Law, Polish Law, And Turkish Law

The instrument that governs jurisdiction in matrimonial matters and parental responsibility in the EU Member States is the Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of November 27, 2003, concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility.

Türk Rekabet Hukukunda Dikey Anlaşmalar Ve Grup Muafiyeti

Rekabet kavramı öğretide bir tüketici grubuna aynı dönemde, aynı türdeki mal ya da hizmetleri satan teşebbüsler arasındaki ilişki olarak tanımlanmaktadır.

İkale Sözleşmesi ve Arabuluculuk Sonucu Üzerinde Anlaşılan İşçilik Alacak ve Tazminatların Vergilendirme Bakımından Farkları

İkale, tarafların karşılıklı iradelerinin uyuşması sonucu iş akdini sona erdiren bir fesih sözleşmesidir. İkale, kanunla düzenlenmemiş olmamasına karşın sözleşme yapma özgürlüğü çerçevesinde yapılabilmektedir.

New Powers of The Office Of Competition and Consumer Protection Authority of Poland

EU Regulation 2017/2394 of the European Parliament and of the EU Council regulation of December 12, 2017, on cooperation between national authorities responsible for the enforcement of consumer protection (and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004), obliged the Member States to modify their internal laws.

The Right of Access to Personal Data by Individuals Under Regulations of The European Union, Turkey & Switzerland

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) In Turkish Environmental Laws

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a principle developed on the idea that the use of resources spent to clean, repair and re-balance a polluted or destroyed environment after the fact, being less efficient than the use of resources spent for prevention of the negative impacts concerning the investments for development at the beginning.

Türk Çevre Hukukunda Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi (ÇED)

Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi (ÇED), modern yaşamın, kirletilmiş ve tahrip edilmiş bir çevreyi temizleyip onarmak ve yeniden dengeli bir hale getirmek için harcanacak kaynakların, kalkınma için yapılan yatırımların olumsuz etkilerinin en baştan önlemesine kıyasen daha verimsiz olduğu fikri üzerine gelişmiş bir prensiptir.

Regarding the Regulation on Out of Office (Remote or Distant) Employment in Turkey

As per Article 14 of the Labor Law No. 4587 (Law), remote work (employment) shall be defined as an employment relationship based on the principle that the employee fulfills his/her work performance within the scope of the work organization created by the employer at home or outside the workplace utilizing technological communication.

Uzaktan Çalışma Yönetmeliği Hakkında

4857 sayılı İş Kanunu’nun (“Kanun”) 14. maddesi uyarınca uzaktan çalışma, işçinin işveren tarafından oluşturulan iş organizasyonu kapsamında iş görme edimini evinde ya da teknolojik iletişim araçları ile işyeri dışında yerine getirmesi esasına dayalı ve yazılı olarak kurulan iş ilişkisi olarak tanımlanmaktadır.

Measures Introduced by Law No. 7244 on Turkish Employment Relations Due to Covid-19 (Corona Virus) Pandemic

Within the scope of the measures taken due to the COVID-19 pandemic, according to the Law on Reducing the Effects of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic on Economic and Social Life and the Law on the Amendment of Certain Laws No. 7244 published in the Official Gazette No. 31102 and dated April 17, 2020 (“Law No. 7244”), it provides new measures for labor relations.

Covıd-19 (Korona Virüs) Pandemisi Nedeniyle Alınan Önlemler Kapsamında 7244 Sayılı Torba Yasanın İşçi İşveren İlişkilerine Yönelik Getirdiği Yenilikler Hakkında Güncel Bilgi Notu

7244 sayılı Kanun’un 9 maddesi ile 4857 sayılı İş Kanunu (“İş Kanunu”)’na Geçici 10. Madde eklenerek geçici bir istihdam güvencesi sağlanması amaçlanmıştır.

Turkey Regulates Limitations on Dividend Distribution of Companies for Profits of 2019 by Law No.7244 Due to Outbreak of Covid-19

Several chambers of commerce throughout Turkey published a uniform announcement regarding dividend distributions on their websites, based on the information note of Turkish Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges dared April 1, 2020, numbered 34221550-045.02-3392, referring to the letter of the Ministry of Trade dated March 31, 2020 (“Announcement”).

7244 Sayılı Kanun Kapsamında Şirketlerin 2019 Yılı Kar Dağıtımına Korona Virüsü Nedeniyle Getirilen Sınırlamalar

Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği (TOBB) Ticaret Bakanlığı’nın 31.03.2020 tarihli yazısına istinaden tüm ticaret odalarına gönderdiği 01.04.2020 tarihli ve 34221550-045.02-3392 sayılı bilgi yazısı neticesinde Türkiye genelinde birçok ticaret odası internet sitesinde kâr payı dağıtımına ilişkin yeknesak duyurular yayımlamıştır (“Duyuru“).

Announcement of the Turkish Ministry of Trade on Dividend Distribution of Capital Companies for Preserving Their Equity During Covid-19 Outbreak

Several Chambers of Commerce’s throughout Turkey published a uniform announcement regarding dividend distributions on their websites, based on the information note of Turkish Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges dated April 1, 2020, No. 34221550-045.02-3392, referring to the letter of the Ministry of Trade dated March 31, 2020 (Announcement).

Korona Virüs (COVID-19) Salgını Sürecinde Öz Kaynakların Korunması Adına Ticaret Bakanlığının Sermaye Şirketlerinde Kâr Payı Dağıtımı Hakkındaki Duyurusunun Değerlendirilmesi

Legal Impacts of Coronavirus (Covid-19) Outbreak in Turkey

Coronavirus outbreak (also known as COVID-19) which has spread across the world, continues to be the leading topic on the agenda of Turkey. Covid-19, which has been declared a “pandemic” by the World Health Organization, has been continuing its effects in the field of law and therefore, precautionary measures continue to be taken to reduce the effects of this pandemic.

Digital Service Tax

Digital Service Tax (DST) has been introduced to the Turkish tax legislation with Law No. 7194 (Law No. 7194) published in the Official Gazette dated 07.12.2019 and numbered 30971.

Dijital Hizmet Vergisi

07.12.2019 tarih ve 30971 sayılı Resmî Gazetede yayımlanan 7194 Sayılı Dijital Hizmet Vergisi ile Bazı Kanunlarda ve 375 Sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamede Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun (7194 Sayılı Kanun) ile Dijital Hizmet Vergisi (DHV) ihdas edilmiştir.

Korona Virüs Salgını’nın (Covid-19) Hukuki Etkileri

Bütün dünyayı etkisi altına alan korona virüs salgını (bilinen diğer adı ile COVID-19), ülkemizde de gündemin ilk sıralarında yer bulmaya devam etmektedir.

Impacts of Corona Virus Pandemic In Terms of Turkish Labor Law

Corona Virus (COVID-19) pandemic has impacts on the relations between the employers and the employees along with its effects on daily life.

Korona Virüs (Covid-19) Salgınının Türk İş Hukuku Bakımından Etkileri

Tüm dünyada gündem haline gelen COVID-19 salgınının günlük hayatın yanı sıra, işveren-çalışan ilişkisi üzerinde de etkileri olduğu aşikardır.

Turkey: Amendments Regarding Documentation in Decree on Disguised Profit Distribution Through Transfer Pricing

President Decree ("Decree") on the Amendment of the Decision on Disguised Profit Distribution Through Transfer Pricing entered into force after being published in the Official Gazette dated February 25, 2020 and numbered 31050.

Transfer Fiyatlandırması Yoluyla Örtülü Kazanç Dağıtımı Hakkında Karar’da Belgelendirmeye İlişkin Yapılan Değişiklikler

Transfer Fiyatlandırması Yoluyla Örtülü Kazanç Dağıtımı Hakkında Karar’da Değişiklik Yapılmasına İlişkin Cumhurbaşkanı Kararı (“Karar”) 25 Şubat 2020 tarih ve 31050 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanarak yürürlüğe girmiştir.

Effects of The Law No. 7101 on The Amendments in Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law and Certain Laws on The Institution of Concordat

The Law No. 7101 on the Amendments in Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law and Certain Laws (“Law No. 7101”) was published in the Official Gazette dated March 15, 2018 and numbered 30361. The Law No. 7101 stipulated important amendments in Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law No. 2004 (“EBL”) regarding the institution of postponement of bankruptcy and institution of concordat particularly.

7101 Sayılı İcra ve İflâs Kanunu Ve Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun Sonrası Konkordato Kurumu

15 Mart 2018 tarihli ve 30361 sayılı Resmî Gazetede yayımlanan 7101 sayılı İcra Ve İflâs Kanunu Ve Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun (“7101 sayılı Kanun”) ile birlikte 2004 sayılı İcra İflas Kanunu’nda (“İİK”) başta iflas ertelemesi ve konkordato kurumu olmak üzere önemli değişiklikler yapılmıştır.

The Regulation On Provision Of Radio, Television And On-Demand Broadcasts On The Internet

The Law No.6112 on the Establishment of Radio and Television Enterprises and Their Media Services (“Law No. 6112”) was published on the Official Gazette of March 3, 2011. Article 29 titled “Delivery of Broadcast Services from the Internet” is recently added to this Law No. 6112 as of March 21, 2018 to regulate digital tv platforms.

Radyo Televizyon ve İsteğe Bağlı Yayınların İnternet Ortamından Sunumu Hakkında Yönetmelik

6112 sayılı Radyo ve Televizyonların Kuruluş ve Yayın Hizmeti Hakkında Kanun (“6112 Sayılı Kanun”), 3 Mart 2011 tarihli Resmî Gazetede yayımlandı. “Yayın Hizmetlerinin İnternet Ortamından Sunumu” başlıklı 29. madde yakın zamanda dijital televizyon programlarını düzenlemek için 21 Mart 2018 tarihi itibariyle 6112 Sayılı Kanuna eklenmiştir.

Effects of Law on Pledges Over Movable Assets in Commercial Transactions

The Law on Pledges Over Movable Property in Commercial Transactions No. 6750 (“Law No. 6750”) has been published in the Official Gazette No. 29871 dated October 28, 2016 and entered into force on January 1, 2017. Law No. 6750 has abolished the Law on the Commercial Enterprise Pledges No. 1447 (“Law No. 1447”).

Ticari İşlemlerde Taşınır Rehni Kanunu’nun Taşınır Rehnine Etkisi

6750 sayılı Ticari İşlemlerde Taşınır Rehni Kanunu (”6750 sayılı Kanun”) 28.10.2016 tarihli 29871 sayılı Resmî Gazetede yayınlanmış ve 01.01.2017 tarihinde yürürlüğe girmiştir. 6750 sayılı Kanunu’nun yürürlüğe girmesiyle birlikte 1447 sayılı Ticari İşletme Rehni Kanunu (“1447 sayılı Kanun”) yürürlükten kaldırılmıştır.

Acquisition of Turkish Citizenship by the Way of Investment

Today, citizenship is being used as a tool to promote foreign investment, to strengthen labor force and for other economic reasons by the governments and the such options to acquire citizenship through investment are made available in many countries.

Amendments on Decree no. 32 On Protection of The Value of Turkish Lira And Bans on Using Foreign Currencies In Contracts in Turkey

When initially adopted at 1989, the Decree No.32 on the Protection of the Value of Turkish Lira (“Decree No.32”) was regarded as part of a liberalization of markets movement allowing use of foreign currencies within the local market that mainly started with a number of principles and rules referred as Decrees of January 24 adopted at 1980 which initially opened the Turkish market for permitted use and exchange of foreign currencies in Turkey by individuals and companies.

Türk Lirasının Değerinin Korunmasına İlişkin 32 Sayılı Kararda Değişiklik Ve Türkiye’de Döviz Kullanılması Yasaklanan Sözleşmeler

1989 yılında ilk kez kabul edildiğinde Türk Parasının Kıymetinin Korunmasına ilişkin 32 Sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararname (“32 Sayılı Karar”), temelde başlayan yerel piyasada yabancı para birimlerinin kullanılmasına izin veren serbest piyasa hareketinin bir parçası olarak kabul edildi.

Obligation To Employ Or Contract A Lawyer On Continuous Basis For Joint Stock Companies In Turkey

Pursuant to Article 1 of the Attorneyship Law No. 1136 (“Law No. 1136”) published at the Official Gazette with No. 13168, dated April 7, 1969, attorneyship is defined as "public and professional service ", and within the scope of the Article 35 of the Law No. 1136, services/works exclusive to attorneys are defined.

Effects of State of Emergency Law in Turkey On Prison Sentences Under Criminal Execution Laws

With the Statutory Decree No.671 dated August 17, 2016 and the recent changes with Regulations No.29987 and No.29824 on Regulation Regarding an Amendment on Placement to Open Punishment Execution Facilities effecting execution of the Law No.5275 on Punishment Execution Law has introduced significant changes.

Rightful Termination of Employment Contracts by Employees in Turkish Labor Law

The employees are entitled to terminate their employment contracts, whether the contract is for a definite or indefinite period, before it’s expiry or without having to observe specified notice periods in case of serious and important reasons determined in the Article 24 of the Labor Law No. 4857 (the “Labor Law”).

Mandatory Mediation System In Turkish Employment Disputes Between Employers And Employees

Law No. 7036 Code of Labor Courts (‘Law’) published in the Official Gazette No. 30221 dated October 25, 2017; introduced fundamental changes in the settlement of labor disputes and abrogated the previous law on the subject Law No. 5521. The radical changes implemented with the Law No. 7036 are summarized below.

Amendments of Period Of Appeals of Turkish Court Decision in Civil and Criminal Justice Systems

Regional Courts of Appeals started to operate as from July 20, 2016 and the Turkish Legal System adopted one more instance to its two (2) instance system, being transformed to a three (3) stage system. In the new system, Regional Courts of Appeals operates as second instance and the Supreme Court of Appeals is the third instance.

Hukuk ve Ceza Yargılamasında Temyiz Süreleri Hakkında Yapılan Değişiklikler

Bölge Adliye Mahkemelerinin 20 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde işlevsel hale gelmeleri ile adli yargı teşkilatı içinde yer alan hukuk ve ceza mahkemelerindeki iki (2) dereceli yargı sistemi yerine üç (3) dereceli yargı sistemine geçiş yapıldı. İşbu yeni yargı sisteminde Bölge Adliye Mahkemeleri ikinci derece yargı sistemi olarak görev yapmakta olup, Yargıtay ise üçüncü derece yargı sistemi ait olmuştur.

Non-Delivery Pledges Over Movables

Law on Pledges over Movable Property in Commercial Transactions No. 6750 is published in the Official Gazette No. 29871 and dated October 28, 2016 and entered into force as of January 1, 2017

Teslimsiz Taşınır Rehni

6750 Sayılı Ticari İşlemlerde Taşınır Rehni Kanunu kabul edilmiş olup, 28.10.2016 Tarihli ve 29871 Sayılı Resmi Gazete yayınlanmış ve 01.01.2017 tarihinde yürürlüğe girmiştir.

A New Immigration Alternative for Residence Purposes Offered by Turkey: Turquise Card

Turkey has introduced a new immigration regime for foreigners similar to ‘Green Card’ issued by U.S., titled ‘Turquoise Card’.

Türkiye Tarafından İkamet Amaçlı Sunulan Yeni Göçmenlik Alternatifi: Turkuaz Kart

Türkiye, Amerika tarafından verilen “Yeşil Kart”a benzeyen yeni göçmenlik rejimini Turkuaz Kart ismi altında yabancılar için uygulamaya koymuştur.

About The Turkish Law On Protection Of Personal Data

This Law sets forth certain new liabilities for the data supervisors who process the received personal data, and also, according to Article 31 Sub article 3 of the Law, data supervisors are required to make sure that the personal data that was processed prior to the publication of this Law complies with the provisions of this Law within 2 years from the date of publication (and therefore, until April 7, 2018).

How to Claim Refunds for Overcharged Import Taxes Due to Surveillance Certificate Requirements At Customs In Turkey

Turkey, a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), has implemented several trade defence instruments, all of which are currently enforced, in compliance with WTO rules and national legislation.

Reinsurance & Reinsurance Investments By International Companies In Turkey

The laws and regulations governing the insurance and reinsurance practices in Turkey are quite complex, since the principles and provisions governing the insurance and reinsurance practices are set forth at different laws, regulations and communique, .... MORE

Procedures Regarding The Application To Residence Permits By Foreigners In Turkey

The entry of foreigners into Turkey, visa requirements, principles and procedures of the scope and application of international protection, regulations and novelties on establishment, duties and the mandate of General Directorate of Immigration Management (“General Directorate”) is regulated by the Law on Foreigners and International Protection No. 6458 that was published on April 11, 2013.

Incorporating Capital Companies in Turkey and in Romania

The rules and procedures governing corporate investments, including incorporation of capital and personal companies are governed by the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 dated January 13, 2011 (TCC) and all relevant regulations and communications.

E-Residency in Estonia

As the world seems to develop faster and faster, a new gadget has been placed to the disposal of the foreigners and non-resident persons in Estonia, namely the digital identity card also known as e-residency.

Grounds for Divorce in Turkey and in Romania; A Comparative Study

Although not all of them are stipulated by the laws, grounds for divorce are multiplying at many jurisdictions given the fact that divorces are becoming more common in educated societies.

Employment of Foreign Teachers in Turkey

Foreigners are allowed to be employed as a member of the academic staff and as a teacher within Turkish schools, however, such educators are required to obtain a work permits (that allows both work and residence in Turkey) in order to work in Turkey.

Payment & Security Settlement Systems and E-Money Insutitions in Turkey

The law regulating electronic money (e-money) and electronic payments (e-payments) in Turkey, namely the Law on Payment and Security Settlement Systems, Payment Services and Electronic Money Institutions No. 6493 (the "Law") entered into force as of June 27, 2013

Domain Name Regulations in Turkey and in Singapore

The domain names are parts of a larger system (Domain Name System – DNS) that is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to internet or a private network.

Liabilities of the Members of the Board of Directors of Capital Companies Under Turkish and Belgian Laws

Considering the significant role endorsed by board members within companies, it is important that directors know in which situations they may encounter civil or criminal liabilities for their actions.

Restrictions on Rental Increases at Lease Contracts Under Spanish, Dutch and Turkish Laws

It is customary to increase rents at lease contracts annually almost all around the world. Generally, the main source of such increase is inflation of monetary currencies and revaluation of the properties leased. However, there are legislative restrictions at many jurisdictions, limiting such application or predetermination based on contractual freedom on rental increases.

How To Incorporate in Turkey

Capital companies are the most common form of business entities in Turkey utilized by both local and foreign investors. Investors may choose to participate into an already existing capital company or establish a new one. 100% ownership of Turkish corporate entities by foreign companies and/or individuals is permitted.

Obligation to Maintain Company Websites Under The New Turkish Commercial Code

The (New) Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 dated July 1, 2012 ('the Law') implemented a number of provisions and brought additional obligations for capital companies. One of such obligations set forth by the Law is the obligation to have a dedicated website. According to Article 1524 of the Law, all capital companies subject to auditing are also required to open a dedicated internet website and publish certain information.

Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanunu Kapsamında Şirketlerin İnternet Sitesi Açma Yükümlülüğü

1 Temmuz 2012 tarihinde yürürlüğe girmiş olan 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu ('Kanun'), sermaye şirketleri açısından bir çok yeni düzenleme ve yükümlülükler getirmektedir. İşbu yeni yükümlülüklerden önemli bir tanesi de internet sitesi açma yükümlülüğüne ilişkindir

6331 Sayılı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu ve Uygulanması

30 Haziran 2012 tarihli ve 28339 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan 6331 Sayılı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu (Kanun) uyarınca işyerlerinde tehlike sınıflarına uygun uzmanlık belgesini haiz uzmanların istihdam edilmesi zorunluluğu getirilmiştir.

4857 Sayılı İş Kanunu Kapsamında İş Sözleşmesinin İşletmenin, İşyerinin Ve İşin Gerekleri Nedeniyle Feshi (Ekonomik Nedenlerle Fesih)

4857 sayılı İş Kanununda (Kanun) işçilerin iş sözleşmelerinin hangi durumlarda ve hangi usullerde feshedilebileceği düzenlenmektedir. Kanun uyarınca haklı nedenle fesih ve geçerli nedenle fesih olmak üzere iki farklı fesih mekanizması bulunmaktadır.

Türk Hukukunda Performans Düşüklüğü Sebebiyle İşçinin İş Sözleşmesinin Geçerli Nedenle Feshi

10.06.2003 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 4857 sayılı Türk İş Kanunu (Kanun) çalışma hayatında birçok yenilikleri de beraberinde getirmiş bulunmaktadır.

Termination of Employment Contracts Due to Necessities of The Business, The Work or The Workplace within The Scope of Turkish Labor Law No. 4857

The Turkish Labor Law No. 4857 ('the Law') sets forth the procedures and the circumstances for termination of employment contracts of employees by employers.

Polish And Turkish Legal Systems For Value Added Tax

The value added tax (VAT), is a type of indirect turnover based tax that is levied during the final phase of the purchaser of the goods and is included in the price of the purchased item or service.

Jurisdiction over the Turkish Steel Cases at the U.S. Court of International Trade and a Discussion of Relevant Issues in Turkish Law and Policy

U.S. domestic steel producers have consistently raised concerns about the Turkish steel industry, alleging that it is subsidized and unfairly aided by the Turkish government.

Polish and Turkish Legal Systems for Maternity Leave of Employees

Maternity leave (also referred as parental leave, paternity or adoption leave) is a form of an employee benefit that provides paid or unpaid time-off from work for the purposes childbirth or child welfare.

A Comparison of the Legal Use of Electronic Signatures

In response to the rapid growth of electronic commerce, as well as the wide-spread use of email, fax, and online resources in the negotiation of contracts, the United States Congress enacted ESIGN in 2000

Immigration Programs and Education Facilities of Canada

Canada is one of the world's wealthiest nations, with a high per-capita income and also one of the world's highly developed countries. Canada has a diversified economy that is reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade.

Employment Contract Types & Terms and Conditions Permitted by Law a Comparative Study for Turkish and Lithuanian Laws

An employment contract is as a category of agreement used in labor law to establish basic rights and responsibilities between employees and employers. This document is legally binding and generally will be enforced as long as the terms are not egregious and/or where an employee is not prohibited to contract-away his/her rights under worker protection legislation.

Adoption Of Children In Turkey

There are two ways for filing for adoption in Turkey. The individuals or the couples (spouses) who would like to adopt a child could apply to provincial offices of Social Services in person (and together in case of spouses) and in writing for determination of a suitable child or the applicants could also apply directly to the child’s parents or his/her legal guardian which process will again be supervised by Social Services.

Health-Care Services For Foreigners In Turkey

The main purpose of this brief information note is to indicate the regulations of healthcare services and health insurances available for foreigners in Turkey.

Energy Regulations in Bulgaria and Turkey a Comparative Study

After Bulgaria became a member of the European Union at 2007, EU acquis became part of Bulgarian domestic law and although Turkey is not a member to EU, accession process as a candidate country covers legal compatibility therefore making both these jurisdictions closer to each other, however, still not fully compatible.

Combating Against the Financing of Terrorism in Turkey

By means and tools of the global information age, terrorist organizations are broadening their reach in gathering financial resources to fund their operations.

Purchase of Real Estate by Foreign Investment Companies in Turkey

Legislation regarding purchasing of real estate in Turkey by foreign investments have changed many times over the past years.

Purchase of Real Estate by Foreigners in Turkey

In the past decade purchasing property in Turkey became very popular through holiday home owners and investors worldwide. The first time that it was permitted to foreign buyers to purchase real estate in Turkey was in the year of 1934 with the Property Act.

Employment of Expatriates in FDI by Turkey and France Comparison Study

A comparative approach to applications of turkey and of francefor the employment of expatriates at foreign direct investments

Turkey - EU Accession Negotiations Opening of New Chapters and their Implications

On June 30th, 2010, a new chapter of the accession negotiations between the European Union and Turkey was opened, on the very last day of the Spanish presidency.

Work Residence and Immigration in Turkey

The main purpose of this brief information note is to discuss the issue of work and residence permits required for foreigners in order to reside and work in Turkey along with some information regarding permanent immigration regulations.

Termination of an Employment Contract and Employee Reinstatement Mechanism

Termination of employees, employee reinstatement claims and procedure under Turkish Labor Law will be summarized in this brief information note.

Liquidation of Capital Companies

There are different types of commercial companies that are available to establish by investors in Turkey in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC). Such commercial companies are governed by specific legal rules which regulate their formation, operation and dissolution.

Major Principles Of Suretyship In The Turkish Legal System

Suretyship is a kind of security commonly used in business transactions in order to protect creditors from damages providing that debtor fails to fulfill obligations. It is a unilateral contract by which the surety undertakes the obligation of the debtor for the payment of the debt.

Succession in Turkey

This article summary of succession principles of Turkey is based on the survey questionnaire drafted by editors and please refer to the published work for details.

Enforcement Procedure of Arbitral Awards in Turkey

Foreign judgments including the ones from arbitration courts or tribunals become recognizable under Turkish law via separate judgment of the Turkish Courts called ‘recognition and enforcement decisions’(in Turkish the procedure is named ‘tenfiz’).

Medical Malpractice: A Critique of the Turkish and American Approaches to Awarding Non-Economic Damages

When a doctor makes an error in your treatment, what legal compensation will be available?

Turkey Forms Of Doing Business

Published at Julian Maitland-Walker GUIDE TO EUROPEAN COMPANY LAWS 3rd EDITION 2007 London Sweet & Maxwell

Group Exemptions of Vertical Agreements in Turkish Law

Competition (anti-trust) law was first established with Law No. 4054 titled ‘The Law on the Protection of Competition’ in Turkey. The fourth article of such law titled “Agreements, Concerted Practices and Decisions Limiting Competition” sets different types of principles for purpose.

New Condominium Law and Building Management Plans

As the real estate market develops in Turkey the Condominium Law is becoming the center of attention. Turkish Parliament amended the Condominium Law No. 634 with a new Law No. 5711 and it was published in the Official Gazette at November 28, 2007 (‘Turkish Condominium Law’ or ‘TLC’).

Overtime and Overtime Wage in Turkish Labor Code (TLC)

European Union Directive No.104 is accepted and enforced by European Union Council in 23.11.1993 furnished a flexibility to work hours and this flexibility is supported with the codes accordingly.

Past and Present Difficulties in Turkish Competition Policy

At the Helsinki European Council in December 1999, the Republic of Turkey was officially recognized as an accession candidate country to join the European Union.

Prison Sentences for Monetary Debts in Turkey

According to Article 38 of the Turkish Constitution (TC) “No one shall be punished for any act, which does not constitute a criminal offence under the law in force at the time committed; no one shall be given a heavier penalty for an offence other than the penalty applicable at the time when the offence was committed.

Securitization of Financing for Wind Turbines in Turkey

As demand for energy increases in Turkey, investments in this sector is boosting with the help of the government. Incentives focus on renewable energy resources for obvious efficiency and environmental considerations and specifically wind energy investments had been very popular due to vast resources of Turkish geography.

Executing & Terminating Employment Contracts in Turkey

As Turkey maintains economic stability and growth for almost five years, the confidence of the foreign investors raised and new direct investments are executed more often.

A Brief Q&A for Framework Agreements among Individuals and Brokerage Companies for Stock Market Transactions

Quick and mass trading in securities and other instruments of the capital market requires a special regulation concerning the organization of the market, intermediation in transactions as well as facilitating the investment decision making process.